Mylar sleeves are the archival standard. I don't recall just how long they're expected to last, but it's a very long time. Like several lifetimes long.
The newer soft sleeves are probably polypropylene , which is also excellent.
Card savers may also be polypropylene, just a thicker stock.
Older soft sleeves that aren't as clear are probably polyethylene. It's ok, but lacks clarity.
I've used a variety of pages/holders back to the first pages I had in 74 (Vinyl, sideload, but with one column facing another, and a very compact page so the cards stuck out and rubbed on each other. )
I have older soft sleeves that are from I think the mid 1980's? And they're still fine despite being sort of a third string choice.
I'm not sure how old the oldest cardsavers I have are, but they're probably from the 90's? The very oldest are occasionally brittle, but newer ones - maybe early 2000s? Are still like new.
None have damaged the cards.
Most of my early pages were vinyl, and have lost some flexibility, or have gotten stuck together. But fortunately didn't damage the cards at the point I removed them. Some are still ok, and I still have cards in them.
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